A new study led by the Institute of Applied Ecology (IAE) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences reveals that vegetation growth in northern Arctic permafrost regions is significantly influenced by snow cover loss—independent of rising temperatures. 

The findings, published in Communications Earth & Environment, suggest that reduced snowpack duration enhances plant greenness by accelerating permafrost thaw, with important implications for the global carbon cycle.

Permafrost regions function as major carbon sinks, absorbing more atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) than they emit, which is important for climate change mitigation. While past studies have largely attributed Arctic greening to rising air temperatures, this study identifies diminishing snow duration as a primary ecological driver. This study identifies snow cover loss as a key factor in ecological change through three interconnected pathways.

Dr. CHEN Ning of IAE, together with international collaborators, has analyzed vegetation dynamics across Siberia, Alaska, and northern Canada using multi-source satellite data and field observations. Their analysis showed that shorter snow cover periods resulted in warmer soil temperatures earlier in the growing season. This led to earlier permafrost thaw and a deepening of the active layer thickness, the uppermost soil layer that thaws annually and is critical for plant growth and carbon exchange. The deeper thaw increased soil moisture and the availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and accelerated spring vegetation green-up by up to 15 days in some areas. 

Notably, regions with historically colder soils experienced reduced plant productivity, indicating regional variations.

Snow acts as both a thermal blanket and a hydrological regulator. When it retreats earlier, soils absorb more spring sunlight, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of thaw. "This alters water distribution and microbial activity, effectively fertilizing ecosystems," said Dr. Chen. They quantified three mechanisms: earlier spring green-up (ie., start of season, SOS pathway), enhanced soil water content (SWC pathway), and increased nitrogen uptake by plants (N-uptake pathway).

This study provides important insights for climate models. The findings highlight the necessity of incorporating snow-cover dynamics into Arctic-Boreal climate projections, as current models primarily focus on temperature trends. With snow duration decreasing in northern latitudes, it is emphasize the need for policymakers to consider these complex and nonlinear feedbacks in mitigation strategies.

Schematic diagram showing how reduced snow cover accelerates permafrost thaw, altering soil conditions and vegetation growth through thermal, hydrological, and nutrient pathways (Image by CHEN Ning)