A research team led by Prof. DU Jiangfeng and Prof. RONG Xing from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), in collaboration with Prof. JIAO Man from Zhejiang University (ZJU), scrutinized exotic spin-spin-velocity-dependent interactions (SSIVDs) at short force ranges with solid-state spin quantum sensors, and reported new experimental results between electron spins. Results of this work were published inPhysical Review Letters.

The Standard Model is a very successful theoretical framework in particle physics, describing fundamental particles and four basic interactions. However, the Standard Model still cannot explain some important observational facts in current cosmology, such as dark matter and dark energy. Some theories suggest that new particles can act as propagators and transmit new interactions between Standard Model particles. At present, there is a lack of experimental research on new interactions related to velocity between spins, especially in the relatively small range of force distance, where experimental verification is almost non-existent.

In the study, the researchers designed an experimental setup equipped with two diamonds. A high-quality nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensemble was prepared on the surface of each diamond using chemical vapor deposition. The electron spin in one NV ensemble served as a spin sensor, while the other acted as a spin source.

The team also searched for new interaction effects between the velocity-dependent spin of electrons on a micrometer scale by coherently manipulating the spin quantum states and relative velocities of two diamond NV ensembles. They used a spin sensor to characterize the magnetic dipole interaction with the spin source as a reference. Then, by modulating the vibration of the spin source and performing lock-in detection and phase orthogonal analysis, they measured the SSIVDs.

The experimental results of the study (Image by DU Jiangfeng et al.)

For two new interactions, the researchers conducted the first experimental detection in the force range of less than 1 cm and less than 1 km respectively, and obtained valuable experimental data.

"The results bring new insights to the quantum sensing community to explore fundamental interactions exploiting the compact, flexible, and sensitive features of solid-state spins," said the editor of the related paper to this study.