CAS scientists find a new mechanism for neuron polarity formation
The human brain is a network made up of hundreds of thousands of nerve cells, or neurons. Each neuron connects and regulates one other through a synapse in some way so as to control various levels of physical activities ranging from respiration to recognition. Although huge differences exist between the nerve cells, they share a common feature in structure: a narrow and long axon and many complicated dendrites. The development process for this unique form is called the polarity formation, which is the basic foundation for the nervous system to constitute a functional network.
Scientists have found that the asymmetric distributions of activities of the protein kinases Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) are critical for the formation of neuronal polarity. However, the mechanisms underlying the polarized regulation of this pathway remain unclear. A recent work by a research group headed by WANG Yizheng from the CAS Institute of Neuroscience has shed new light on the mechanism for the polarity formation. The work was reported at the July 31 issue of the Journal of Cell Biology.
As a result of two-and-half-year hard work, Wang and his students YAN Dong and GUO Li discovered that the instability of Akt regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is required for neuron polarity. Preferential distribution in the axons was observed for Akt but not for its target GSK-3beta. A photoactivatable GFP fused to Akt revealed the preferential instability of Akt in dendrites. Akt but not p110 or GSK-3beta was ubiquitinated. Suppressing the UPS led to the symmetric distribution of Akt and the formation of multiple axons. These results indicate that local protein degradation mediated by the UPS is important in determining neuronal polarity.