With new generation radioactive-ion beam facilities, previously challenging experiments can be conducted for discovering new isotopes and for revealing physics related to the exotic nuclei far from the β-stability valley, which deepens the understanding of the origins of the chemical elements in the Universe.
Recently, researchers from the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), collaborating with Technische Universität München, predicted the existence of the exotic nuclei using the covariant density functional theory. The study was published in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. To confirm the existence of newly discovered isotopes and the limit of an isotopic chain, the nuclear masses, radii, half-lives of these isotopes need to be determined. A set of reliable theoretical predictions of the characteristics (physics properties) of new isotopes serves as a guideline. Measuring the last bound nuclei of isotopic chains not only examines the nuclear theory, but also advances the understanding of the extent of nucleosyntheses (syntheses of chemical elements) at the extreme astrophysical environment during neutron star mergers, core-collapsed supernovae, and X-ray bursts.
The covariant density functional theory is one of the most successful approaches for studying the nuclear structure. The theory describes the interactions among nucleons in the nuclear medium. The nucleon-nucleon interactions can be described in the form of either point-coupling interaction (assuming nucleons as point-like particles interacting with one another) or meson-exchange interaction (assuming nucleons as some constituents communicating with one another with passing the messengers – mesons).
In this study, researchers plugged in one of these interactions to the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov approach to systematically explore the ground state properties of all isotopic chains from oxygen to darmstadtium. These properties consist of the binding energies, one-neutron and two-neutron separation energies, root-mean-square radii of matter, of neutron, of proton and of charge distribution, Fermi surfaces, ground-state spins and parities.
"In fact, exotic nuclei that potentially exhibit new phenomena provide testing ground for our understanding of quantum many-body system. The existence of about 2500 nuclides have been experimentally proven. We expect new facilities promising in discovering more exotic nuclei and unraveling the phenomena that we have never seen before. Matching theoretical predictions with experimental findings could be exciting for us to cross-check our theoretical models,” said LIU Zixin from IMP, the first author of the paper.
Based on these ground-state properties of nuclei, the drip line of neutron and proton, halo phenomenon, and new magic number problem were discussed in detail. The predicted properties can provide the guidance for future experiments and theoretical research in nuclear physics. 
The 3D nuclide chart displaying the new isotopes predicted by the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov approach with the PC-L3R interaction. Experimentally confirmed isotopes (white region) and stable nuclei (black histograms in the middle of white region) are shown against the background of predicted isotopes. The height of each histogram represents the normalized mass excess of the predicted isotope. (Image by LAM Yi Hua and LU Ning)
