Researchers at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have proposed a pulsed current strategy to monitor the intermittency of renewable energy, proving that the solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOECs) can realize efficient carbon dioxide (CO₂) electrolysis under intermittent renewable energy power. Results were published on Carbon Energy. 

CO₂ recycling for efficient reuse can help alleviate the energy crisis and climate change, thus plays a crucial role in achieving the goal of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality". SOEC is a potential candidate device for efficient electrolytic CO₂ fuel production, owing to its high energy conversion efficiency (ECE), reversible characteristics and low comprehensive cost. 

To explore the performance and reaction mechanism of CO₂ electrolysis based on SOECs under renewable energy power, the researchers at NIMTE developed a pulsed current strategy, which replicates the practical periodic fluctuations of intermittent renewable energy power.  

Under the pulsed current ranging from -100 to -300mA/cm² with a total operating time of about 800 h, a large-scale flat-tube SOEC with an active area of 60 cm² was applied for the cyclic electrolysis of CO₂.

According to the researchers, after 100 cycles, the cell voltage degraded by 0.041%/cycle upon high pulsed current density (-300 mA/cm²), while 0.034%/cycle upon low pulsed current density (-100, -200 mA/cm²), indicating that the theoretical lifetime of SOECs can reach up to about 500 cycles.  

In addition, the total CO₂ conversion rate with the SOECs reached 52% at the current density of -300 mA/cm², which is close to the theoretical value of 54.3%.  

Assuming that the gas in SOEC is thermally cycled, as the heat energy for heating the gas can be recovered through heat exchange, the calculated ECE approaches 98.2% at -400 mA/cm² (1.3 V), proving the efficiency and stability of CO₂ electrolysis employing SOECs.

This study illuminates the outstanding performance and the industrial potential of SOECs in efficient electrochemical energy conversion, carbon emission reduction, and intermittent renewable energy storage. 

The work was financially supported by the National Key Research & Development Project of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the "from 0 to 1" innovative program of CAS, the Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program, and the Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project. 

The flat-tube solid oxide electrolytic cells for CO₂ electrolysis. (Image by NIMTE)