The evolution of flowers is among the foremost topics in evolutionary science. There is a long-held hypothesis in botany that a flower is a telescoped shoot. It has been cherished by many botanists and supported by various studies of living flowers, but there is no related fossil evidence proving or rejecting this hypothesis.

Dr. WANG Xin from the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGPAS), along with his collaborators from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, University of Vigo, and Fushun Amber Institute, reported that a flower Dinganthus pentamera embedded in a 15-20 million-year-old Dominican amber shed new light on the evolution of flowers. The study was published in Palaeoentomology.

The flower, Dinganthus, was dedicated to the former president of Peking University and leading mathematician, Dr. DING Shisun (1927-2019). The specimen is deposited in the Fushun Amber Institute. 

Dinganthus is small, only 3-4 millimeters in dimensions. It is three dimensionally preserved in a piece of amber uncovered from the Miocene stratum. The good preservation and modern observation technology (Micro-CT) allow the key features of the flower to be clearly demonstrated.

The flower includes bracts, tepals, stamens, and gynoecium. And this flower has five tepals with recurved fringes and ten curving stamens surrounding gynoecium with a curved style in the center. Each stamen is filamentous, with a tetrasporangiate anther on the top. This flower belongs to the largest group in angiosperms, Eudicots. 

Although the history of Eudicots has been pushed back to the mid-Cretaceous (about 100 million years ago) by another flower in amber Lijinganthus, there is no meaningful fossil evidence suggesting how the flowers evolved. 

Different from the typical eudicot flowers, which usually have their calyx, corolla, stamens and gynoecium crowded onto the same point of flower axis (receptacle), Dinganthus have these organs spatially distanced along the flower axis, as if these parts were arranged along an axis.

Despite its young age, the unique morphology of Dinganthus, using fossil evidence for the first time, tells botanists: a flower could be a condensed shoot, a long-held idea in the past centuries. 

This new evidence will help botanists to decipher the essence of flowers, and help palaeobotanists to understand the bizarre-appearing flowers such as Archaefructus and Yuhania. 

This research was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

The three dimensional reconstruction of Dinganthus (Image by NIGPAS)