Pierfranco Demontis said in 1988, "Ice becomes a fast-ion conductor at high pressure and high temperatures," but his prediction was only hypothetical until recently. After 30 years of study, superionic water ice was verified experimentally in 2018. Superionicity may eventually explain the strong magnetic field in giant planetary interiors.

What about Earth, whose interiors are also under extreme pressure and temperature conditions? Although three-quarters of Earth's surface is covered by water, standalone water or ice rarely exists in Earth's interiors. The most common unit of water is hydroxyl, which is associated with host minerals to make them hydrous minerals. Here, a research group led by Dr. Qingyang Hu, Dr. Duckyoung Kim, and Dr. Jin Liu from the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research discovered that one such hydrous mineral also enters an exotic superionic phase, similar to water ice in giant planets. The results are published in Nature Geosciences.

"In superionic water, hydrogen will get released from oxygen and become liquid-like, and move freely within the solid oxygen lattice. Similarly, we studied a hydrous mineral iron oxide-hydroxide (FeOOH), and the hydrogen atoms move freely in the solid oxygen lattice of FeO₂," said Dr. He, who conducted the computational simulation.

"It developed into the superionic phase above about 1700°C and 800,000 times normal atmospheric pressure. Such pressure and temperature conditions ensure a large portion of Earth's lower mantle can host the superionic hydrous mineral. These deep regions may have rivers made of protons, which flow through the solids." added Dr. Kim.

Earth's mantle might be electrified by superionic minerals (Credit: Qingyang Hu)

Guided by their theoretical predictions, the team then tried to verify this predicted superionic phase in hot FeOOH by carrying out high-temperature and high-pressure experiments using a laser-heating technique in a diamond anvil cell.

"It is technically challenging to recognize the motion of H atoms experimentally; however, the evolution of O-H bonding is sensitive to Raman spectroscopy," said Dr. Hu, one of the lead-authors. "So, we tracked the evolution of the O-H bond and captured this exotic state in its ordinary form."

They found that the O-H bonding softens abruptly above 73,000 times normal atmospheric pressure, along with ~55% weakening of the O-H Raman peak intensity. These results indicate that some H⁺ may be delocalized from oxygen and become mobile, thus, weakening the O-H bonding, consistent with simulations. "The softening and weakening of the O-H bonding at high-pressure and room-temperature conditions can only be regarded as a precursor of the superionic state because high temperature is required to increase the mobility beyond the unit cell," explained Dr. Hou.

In superionic materials, there will be an obvious conductivity change, which is robust evidence of superionization. The team measured the electrical-conductivity evolution of the sample at high-temperature and pressure conditions. They observed an abrupt increase in electrical conductivity around 1500-1700°C and 121,000 times normal atmospheric pressure, indicating the diffusive hydrogen had covered the entire solid sample and thus, entered a superionic state.

"The pyrite-type FeO₂H_x is just the first example of superionic phases in the deep lower mantle," remarked Dr. Liu, a co-lead author of the work. "It is very likely that hydrogen in the recently-discovered dense hydrogen-bearing oxides that are stable under the deep lower mantle's high P-T conditions, such as dense hydrous phases, may also exhibit superionic behavior." (Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research)

Dr. He Yu, the co-first author of the study, is affiliated with the Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS).