Elite crops can be bred to maintain their current high yields with less fertilizer, reports a paper published online this week in
Nature.
The finding, which could aid efforts towards reaching sustainable global food security, sprouts from a deeper-rooted understanding of how plants metabolize nitrogen.
The so-called 'green revolution' of the 1960s increased agricultural yields and mitigated food shortages. Crops developed at this time provided higher-than-normal yields because their growth was intentionally stunted and the shorter heights reduced the risk that the plants would be flattened by wind or rain. Modern elite rice and wheat crops still retain this tendency towards semi-dwarfism.
At the same time, however, such crops are less efficient at using nitrogen — an apparent side effect of a growth-inhibiting protein called DELLA, the breakdown of which is inhibited in green revolution varieties.
This necessitates the application of high doses of environmentally unfriendly, nitrogen-based fertilizers to compensate. However, the mechanisms underlying the nitrogen-use efficiency of cereals have remained uncertain.
FU Xiangdong from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with colleagues, surveyed differences in nitrogen uptake in green revolution varieties of rice.
They found a relationship between uptake levels and the gene that encoded the growth-regulating transcription factor GRF4, which had the opposite effect of DELLA. GRF4 and DELLA existed in a balance that regulated plant growth and nitrogen metabolism.
By tipping the scale in favour of GRF4, the authors demonstrated that green revolution variety rice and wheat could be produced that not only have improved nitrogen-use efficiencies, but also maintained their characteristic semi-dwarfism and high yields.
